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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer compatibility</span></span>
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<p>A family of <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> models is said to be <b>compatible</b> if certain <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> that runs on one of the models can also be run on all other models of the family. The computer models may differ in <a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a>, <a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a> or some other characteristic. These differences may affect the outcome of the running of the software.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_compatibility">Software compatibility</h2></div>
<p>Software compatibility can refer to the compatibility that a particular software has running on a particular <a href="CPU_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU architecture">CPU architecture</a> such as Intel or <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software compatibility can also refer to ability for the software to run on a particular <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Very rarely is a <a href="Object_file" title="Object file">compiled software</a> compatible with multiple different CPU architectures. Normally, an application is compiled for different CPU architectures and operating systems to allow it to be compatible with the different system. <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreted software</a>, on the other hand, can normally run on many different CPU architectures and operating systems if the interpreter is available for the architecture or operating system. <a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a> occurs many times for new software released for a newer version of an operating system which is incompatible with the older version of the operating system because it may miss some of the features and functionality that the software depends on.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_compatibility">Hardware compatibility</h2></div>
<p>Hardware compatibility can refer to the compatibility of computer hardware components with a particular <a href="CPU_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU architecture">CPU architecture</a>, bus, <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> or <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardware that is compatible may not always run at its highest stated performance, but it can nevertheless work with <a href="Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy components</a>. An example is <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> chips, some of which can run at a lower (or sometimes higher) <a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a> than rated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardware that was designed for one operating system may not work for another, if device or kernel drivers are unavailable. As an example, Android is not able to be run on a phone with iOS.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_and_open-source_software">Free and open-source software</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a> and <a href="System_requirements" title="System requirements">System requirements</a></div>
<p>Sometimes, FOSS is not compatible with proprietary hardware or specific software. This is often due to manufacturers obstructing FOSS such as by not disclosing the <a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> or other specifications needed for members of the FOSS movement to write <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> for their hardware – for instance as they wish customers to run only their own proprietary software or as they might benefit from partnerships.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>
<li><a href="Interchangeability_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interchangeability (computer science)">Interchangeability</a></li>
<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></li>
<li><a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">Emulator</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_computer_standards" title="List of computer standards">List of computer standards</a></li>
<li><a href="Portability_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portability (software)">Portability</a></li>
<li><a href="Plug_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug compatible">Plug compatible</a></li>
<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>
<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>
<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>
<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>
<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>
<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>
<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>
<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>
<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>
<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li>
<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li>
<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>
<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>
<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li>
<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>
<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li>
<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>
<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>
<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>
<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>
<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>
<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="API" title="API">API</a></li>
<li><a href="SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li>
<li><a href="REST" title="REST">REST</a></li>
<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>
<li><a href="GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li>
<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>
<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>
<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>
<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>
<li><a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li>
<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>
<li><a href="Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern" title="Publish–subscribe pattern"> pub-sub</a></li>
<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>
<li><a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load"> ETL</a></li>
<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>
<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>
<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>
<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>
<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>
<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>
<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>
<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>
<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>
<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>
<li><a href="Log-structured_merge-tree" title="Log-structured merge-tree"> LSM Tree </a></li>
<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>
<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>
<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>
<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>
<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>
<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>
<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>
<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>
<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>
<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>
<li><a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network"> CDN</a></li>
<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>
<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>
<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>
<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>
<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>
<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>
<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>
<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>
<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>
<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>
<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>
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